PAKISTAN

EFFECTS OF DIGITAL MEDIA ON CULTURAL VALUES OF MALE UNIVERSITY STUDENTS OF PUNJAB, PAKISTAN

Ghulam Safdar — 2025-05-09

Due to rapid innovations and digital development, this world has becomea global village. Digital media is significant source of information and communication. Youth is heavy consumer of digital media. Frequently access to digital media without any boundaries imposes various effects. The basic aim of current research study is to know the effects of digital media on cultural values of male university students. Youth acts as symbolic representation of any society and to assess any cultural elements, university is the best place where freedom of gender brings significant changes. The Current study was conducted in public sector universities of Punjab Pakistan. It was survey based study and data was collected from 1300male students. Study was historically theme of “Social Learning Theory” and “Uses and Gratification Theory”. The study revealed that digital media has captured almost all the factors of life of students and proved itself vital part of lives. Furthermore, digital media is source of importing foreign culture and fading local culture among the youth of Pakistan.

POLITICS, TOURISM AND REGIONAL COOPERATION IN SOUTH ASIA

Manzoor Ahmad Naazer — 2025-05-09

The paper analyzes the impact of political problems and overall regional political environment on the process of regional cooperation in the field of tourism in South Asia. It explores the problems and prospects of tourism expansion in South Asia, mainly in the regional cooperation perspective being carried out under South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). It highlights the potential benefits of diverse nature that can accrue to South Asian Countries (SACs) through growth of international and regional tourism. It also identifies several kinds of tourism that present immense potential for regional cooperation, including adventure tourism, religious tourism, social tourism, cultural tourism, sports tourism, eco- tourism and leisure tourism. The paper surveys the SAARC actions, policies, and activities aimed at promoting tourism in the region and it analyzes their effectiveness. It also examines the present situation of tourism in South Asia and investigates into the factors and forces that impede its growth. Finally, the paper analyzes how the impediments to growth of regional tourism are linked to bilateral ties of SACs and the overall political environment in South Asia.

THEORISING HIGHER EDUCATION FOR WOMEN’S EMANCIPATION AND EMPOWERMENT IN KHYBER PUKHTUNKHWA PAKISTAN

Shabana SG. Khattak — 2025-05-09

This paper summarises the findings of a 2012 doctoral study by the author which explored the factors that affecting women participation in higher education in Khyber Pukhtunkhwa Pakistan. Qualitative (semi-structured and focussed-interviews) and quantities (questionnaires) data collection instrument were used to question BA/BSc students of 4 colleges of Pukhtunkhwa; 40 (initial survey) and 172 (Audit survey) students responded. Subsequently, in Post survey 4 in-depth focussed-interviews were held with 1 each student of the colleges. Sample women highlighted economic status, medium of instruction of our dual education system and misinterpretation of religion Islam were the main stumbling block in their way to higher education. A major finding is the paradoxical role of man that control women marriage, education and career. The main recommendation is that future educational strategies be developed with the aim of further promoting gender equality in all areas of education, but particularly with the aim of increasing women students’ participation in higher education.

AN ANALYSIS OF THE PRE AND POST RELEASE SERVICES TO THE PRISONERS AND ITS IMPACT ON THEIR REINTEGRATION (A CASE STUDY OF SELECTED PRISONS OF KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Rais Gul — 2025-05-09

This paper has gauged the existence and effectiveness of pre and post release services to the prisoners in the context of Khyber-Pakhtukhwa (KP), Pakistan prisons. Seven jails of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan including four central prisons i.e., Peshawar, Bannu, Haripure, DI khan and three district prisons i.e., Temargara, Mardan and Kohat were purposively selected. Out of 268 respondents, 250 jail inmates were randomly selected within the seven jails of the province and interviewed through semi-structured questionnaire. The remaining 18 respondents, purposively selected and interviewed through interview- guide included judges, lawyers, jail officials, human rights activists and ex-prisoners. Concurrent triangulation (Mixed methodology) was adopted to collect and analyze the data. It was found that prisoners in Pakistan face myriad challenges (social, financial, jobs, psychological etc) in their post-release life which are stumbling blocks to their readjustment. Moreover, there was no effective network of educational, vocational, pre and post release interventions, nor government had any follow-up strategy for the released prisoners, making them prone to their past deviant life style. Released prisoners must be passed through a well calculated arrangement of pre and post release services. Media, NGOs and criminal justice agencies must aware people to extend their all-out support to the released and not treat them persona no grata. Government should revisit the laws (if any) which bar past convicted prisoners to be fit for any public office/government job and the whole criminal justice system (police, prisons, judiciary, parole and probation) needs to be streamlined.

ISLAMIZATION AND CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN PAKISTAN: CASE STUDY OF 15TH AMENDMENT BILL

Sultan Mahmood — 2025-05-09

The invocation of Islam as its raison d’être places Pakistan as only country in the Muslim World founded explicitly on religious doctrine through popular democratic movement rather than by historical accident or colonial invention. Islam is complete code of life and it regulates each and every sphere of life. It is political and constitutional structure of Islam which ensures the establishment of Islamic society in its true spirit and manifestation. Prophet of Islam (Peace Be Upon Him) who is role-model for every Muslim, established the first Islamic state at Madina with written constitution, and ruled this state for last ten years of life. In this perspective Islamization of the Constitution has remained a dominant theme of public debate in Pakistan since its inception and every regime faced the imperatives of Pakistan’s Islamic mandate. Despite the fact that Objectives Resolution (1949) and the Constitutions of 1956, 1962 and 1973 contained considerable Islamic provisions, an Islamic society in its real spirit could not be established in Pakistan. So the question and quest has always remained there before the people and policy makers that what should be included more in the constitution to realize the dream of Islamic Pakistan on the model of first Islamic state of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)? Proposed 15th Amendment Bill in the 1973 Constitution was an important episode of this issue. This paper is an attempt to investigate and analyze 15th Amendment bill and its probable impacts on executive, legislature and judiciary in Pakistan. It has been analyzed in the light of political and constitutional concepts of Islam and history of Islamization in Pakistan.

ALLAMA IQBAL AND THE AFGHANS

Fakhr-ul-Islam — 2025-05-09

Allama Iqbal (1877-1938) had a tremendous love for Afghans. Afghans or Pakhtuns are exceedingly gratified about their national and racial traits. They love their homeland, religious and customary canons, ancestral values and independence. Opinions vary on their strict adherence to these individualisms. Some people are of the view that it is the result of consistent foreign invasions. On the other hand, some analysts opine that since they remained independent for ages, barring some occasional invasions by world forces, therefore they held these traits close to their hearts. Iqbal was certainly impressed by these peculiarities of Afghans, so he not only showered praises on that resilient race but also took some practical steps including paying visit to Afghanistan in 1933. He contributed both intellectually and financially to the independence and welfare of Afghans. He attached great hopes with the Afghans and considered peaceful Afghanistan a prerequisite for the tranquility of the entire Asia. At the same time he warned that if there is any turmoil in Afghanistan, it can engulf the whole continent. Iqbal fell in love with Afghans at a time when almost all the Muslim world was under the control of colonial powers, and Afghanistan stood up as independent Muslim state against them. Moreover, the bravery and attachment to Islamic values of Afghans fascinated him a lot. It is worth mentioning that the love of Iqbal was not only confined to Afghanistan. He had equal affection for the tribes of NWFP. He paid a visit to Peshawar once (1933) and thrice to Dera Ismael Khan (1899, 1901 and 1903). In Peshawar, his stay was short but in Dera Ismail Khan, he stayed for a couple of months. During all three visits to D.I.Khan, he stayed with Sardar Ahmad Khan Leghari, father of Sardar Abdur Rashid, the former Chief Minister of NWFP.1 In this paper, an attempt has been made to give an analysis of Allama Iqbal’s incredible love and affection for Afghans

PATRONAGE AND POLITICAL AFFILIATION: CASE STUDY OF VILLAGE JHOK BODO, DISTRICT DERA GHAZI KHAN, WEST PUNJAB

Muhammad Fiaz Anwar — 2025-05-09

In Punjab, from the decade of eighties, with the advancement of mechanization, there came change from traditional to market economy. This economic change resulted in rapid population growth, improved infrastructure, connecting the towns with rural areas, and rapid urbanization. With the advancement of mechanization and in its result, the social structure has changed. This change in social structure has led to political mobilization in rural Punjab. The autonomy of the voters has increased but it did so within vertical relationships with local landed patrons that moved the political system towards political patronage. In this nature of relationship, during elections, the voters through the intervention of local patron with whom they have face to face contact, cast votes for the candidate and then through the broker patron they get services from upward to down ward. In this type of patron-client relationship, the clients can be patron’s kin or biraderi members, friends or his neighbours, landless skilled and unskilled labourers found in agriculture and non-agriculture sectors in rural areas.

The research about the voting behavior was conducted through participant observation in a village Jhok Bodo, District Dera Ghazi Khan. It was found that the voters in rural South Punjab are benefit seeking political actors. They because of targeted services delivery and dysfunctional public institutions negotiate benefits with the politicians by strategically gathering their kinship networks for their collective actions. So they try to maximize their material benefits by using the power of their votes. In this way in electoral politics of rural West Punjab, patronage plays the major role in determining the voting behavior of the people. The ideological commitment to political parties or programmatic following in politics has very tiny role in determining the voting behavior of the rural voters of West Punjab.

KHAN ABDUL QAIYUM KHAN: POLITICAL CAREER FROM 1953- 1958

Asma Gul — 2025-05-09

Before and after the creation of Pakistan,in the Political history of NWFP (present day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa) very few persons dominated the scene, among those one was Abdul Qaiyum Khan. His political career covered a period of nearly four decades. In this article an attempt is made to focus on his political life from April1953 to October 1958 that is after his resignation as Chief Minister and induction in Central Cabinet in1953, as member of West Pakistan Provincial Assembly and finally as President of Pakistan Muslim League. This was the time of his downfall in his home province and rise in national politics. It also reviews the political insight and strength of Qaiyum Khan’s personality. Moreover Khan Qaiyum, political and constitutional development of Pakistan is also analyzed.

THE LIFE AND TIMES OF HAZRAT SHEIKH RAHAMKAR KAKA SAHIB R.A : AN OVERVIEW

Syed Umar Hayat — 2025-05-09

Hazrat Sheikh Rahamkar Kaka SahibR.A was born in 983 Hijri with unique spiritual blessings in the domain of Sufism. He preached the message of human as well as Muslim brotherhood at a time when family feuds were rampant in the society. He was very keen to acquire religious and spiritual knowledge with special care and attention. In the field of spiritualism he did very unique and vigorous efforts right from his boyhood. He was blessed by birth with immense religious and spiritual powers. His service to humanity is remarkable. The present research paper highlights the life and times of Hazrat Sheikh Rahamkar Kaka SahibR.A in order to understand the philosophy of Sufi traditions and its basic aims and objectives.

THE ROLE OF FOREST DEPARTMENT IN INVOLVING LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN THE MANAGEMENT OF FOREST RESOURCES IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA

Badshah Muhammad — 2025-05-09

Participatory approach is recommended for development projects especially for the management of forest resources across the globe. It is considered a panacea to all ills of development and key to success and sustainability. This paper investigates the organizational factors that influence the effectiveness of participatory approach in the management of forest resources in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. To understand the role of Forest Department in the implementation of community participation in the management of forest resources, this study was conducted in four districts i.e. Swat, Shangla, Dir Upper and Chitral of Malakand Division, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The empirical data was collected through individual interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and observations. The study found that Forest Department deficiencies such as insufficient and inefficient staff, lack of proper service structure and job security, insufficient budget, lack of incentives and bureaucratic behavior of staff paralyzed participatory approach in the management of forest resources in the study area. The forest department should be equipped with sufficient and efficient human and financial resources for an effective implementation of participatory approach in the management of forest resources.

TERRORISM IN PAKISTAN WITH A FOCUS ON KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA AND BACHA KHAN INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT PESHAWAR

Muhammad Israr — 2025-05-09

Terrorism is a brutal phenomenon; it shakes the very foundations of human society in all ages. Terrorism exists since long and put many losses to the people, property and their peaceful coexistence all around the world. Background and definition of terrorism has been discussed. Pakistan’s aviation industry has been badly affected by the scourge of terrorism. Moreover, it has its everlasting effects on the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and on the only international airport of this province i.e. Bacha Khan International Airpor,t Peshawar (BKIAP). Due to terrorism, many aspects of BKIAP have been affected and ultimately created problems for the passengers and their families. This paper aims at analysing the different terrorist’s incidents that affected badly the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Bacha Khan International Airport Peshawar (BKIAP).

INTERPLAY BETWEEN TEACHERS’ BELIEFS AND THEIR PRACTICES: A STUDY OF THE GOVT. ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHERS IN KHYBER PAKHTUNKHWA, PAKISTAN

Izaz Ali — 2025-05-09

This study aims to explore the relationship between English language teachers’ beliefs and their actual classroom practices about teaching of Englishin the government secondary schools of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.The study undertakes the null hypothesis: “There is no relationship between Govt. English language teachers’ beliefs and their practices about teaching of English at secondary level in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.”English language teachers who teach English as a subject to secondary classes in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, constituted the population of the study. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa is a large province with 25 districts (at the time of the study) and it was not easy to collect data from each district therefore, the province as a whole, was divided into three main regions; the Northern, the Central and the Southern and one district was chosen for the collection of data from the aforementioned regions. In total, data was collected from 120 Govt. secondary teachers (male) 40 each from one district, by employing multi-stage cluster stratified sampling technique. Questionnaire was used as the only tool for data collection. The data was interpreted through Gamma coefficient correlation. The results show that although teachers had strong beliefs about teaching of English; yet, their beliefs often did not correspond to their actual classroom practices.

ANALYSIS OF DURAND LINE MANAGEMENT MECHANISM

Zahid Anwar — 2025-05-09

Being a gate way to Central Asia, the geo- strategic setting of Pakistan and Afghanistan delivers a shortest and most cost effective course for routing vast energy reserves of Central Asia to the outer world. . It is a serious stumbling block in the way of their affable relationship which is impeding development and affluence not only in their bilateral interactions but in other fields as well. Both the countries should comprehend the urgency of settlement of this issue so that they can utilize their vitalities to other aspects of mutual interests. It is the time to evaluate border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan with a vision to propose sustainable mechanism to end cross border terrorism, smuggling and illegal border immigrations. Afghanistan ought to accomplish its historical obligations and adhere to the rules of international law. On the other hand Pakistan should strive for diplomatic resolution of outstanding disputes with Afghanistan. This paper examines the border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan, contemporary models of border management and way forward on border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan. To analyze border management between Pakistan and Afghanistan with a view to suggest sustainable mechanism to help in stopping cross border terrorism, smuggling and illegal border immigrations.

DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION AND FAMILY SIZE WITH LEVEL OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN CHITRAL, PAKISTAN

Akhtar Ali — 2025-05-09

The research article of the study as “Determinants of migration and family size with level of educational attainment” (with special reference to District Chitral, KPK.). out of total 5000, a sample of 500 (250 migrants in Peshawar and 250 respondents of their dependent families living back in district Chitral) was chosen for the collection of primary data through simple random sampling method. Interview schedule as a tool for collection of data was used in the targeted areas . Chi-square test was used to digout the association between dependent and independent variables. The findings of the study explored that a non-significant (P=0.168) association between nature of education and family type was found. Likewise, a non-significant (P=0.771) association was disclosed between years of schooling and family type. In same way, a non-significant (P=0.003) association was also found between occupation of the household and family type. In contrast to above results, a significant (P=0.029) relationship was found between pre-migration occupation of the respondents and family type. Also, a significant relationship (p=0.024) was explored between number of members in the family and family type. It is suggested that poverty and un-employment were the main push factors, which have compelled the respondents to leave their area of destination to other parts of the country especially Peshawar was suggested as a policy recommendation.

WOMEN LEGISLATORS AND THEIR INTERESTS IN POLICY MAKING IN PAKISTAN: A STUDY OF PRIVATE MEMBERS BILLS PRESENTED IN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY DURING 2010-15

Nadia Khan — 2025-05-09

Ever since the increase in the number of women representatives in Pakistan’s legislature through reserved seats is made, gender politics has taken a lot of significance in the political landscape of Pakistan. Women thus entering in legislative institutions are expected, of course, to voice and advance issues relevant to women, family and children, i.e. pursue the traditional gender agenda. At the same time, they are expected to include gender perspective while addressing other public issues of mainstream politics. This paper seeks to answer the question as which areas of interests and priorities women representatives in the National Assembly of Pakistan have highlighted in policy output, and to what extent they raised the issues pertaining to public issues and mainstream politics. Private Members Bills presented by the women representatives in National Assembly of Pakistan during 2010-15 were examined. Performance of women representatives was found phenomenal and not limited to raising issues of women, children and marginalized segments of the society. Rather, activities of women legislators reflected a much broader variety of interests, and not simply limited to those areas traditionally thought to be of women’s interest.