ANALYSIS OF INTRA-PARTY DISSONANCE AS A FACTOR IN JAMAT-E-ISLAMI’S ELECTORAL PERFORMANCE IN 2018 IN UPPER DIR & LOWER DIR
Keywords:
Jamat-e-Islami, Pakistan, Intra-party Rifts, Political Parties, Electoral Politics, DemocracyAbstract
Jamat-e-Islami Pakistan (JIP) is one of the oldest political parties of Pakistan. However historically its electoral performance has remained below par. In general elections 2018, JIP even failed to retain the constituencies in Upper Dir and Lower Dir that it had mostly been winning in previous elections. Using primary data generated through interview schedule from purposively selected ten party leaders, this qualitative study analyzes the causes and implications of intra-party rifts on the electoral performance of JIP in general elections 2018 in the two districts. Epistemologically grounded in constructivist / interpretivist worldview, the study relies mainly on the views of those who participated in the phenomenon under examination, while secondary data plays supplementary role. The data of transcribed interviews was thematically analyzed. The study finds that internal discords seriously impaired JIP’s electoral performance. It highlights how party ideology gets compromised in the course of exposure to power and electoral politics. The study concludes that JIP needs to undertake a sustained change process for regaining its lost ground in the two districts in future elections.
References
Ahmed, Z. S. (2012). Political Islam, Jamaat-e-Islami, and Pakistan's Role in the Afghan Soviet War, 1979-1988. In P. E. Muehlenbeck (Ed.), Religion and Cold War: A Global Perspective (pp. 275-296). Tennessee: Vanderbilt University Press.
Amin, D. M. (2013). Kamiabi Ke Liye Jamat-e-Islami Ko Niahat-e-Saniya Ki Zaroorat Hay. In P. T. Butt, Jamat-e-Islami Aur Intikhabi Siasat:Election 2013 Main Jamat-e-Islami Ki Nakaami Ke Asbab Ka Jaiza (pp. 7-23). Islamabad: Poorab Academy.
Amin, H. (2016). Post Islamism: Pakistan in the Era of Neoliberal Globalization. Islamabad: IRD.
Ansari, J. A. (2013). Jamat-e-Islami Ke Zawal Ke Asbaab Aur Ahya Ke Taqaazy. Lahore: Wiraasat Publications.
Bajpai, K. (2011). Pakistan's Future: Muddle Along. In S. P. Cohen, The Future of Pakistan (pp. 70-81). Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
Banu, M. (2009). Marker of Identity: Religious Politicfal Parties and Welfare Work- The Case of Jamat-e-Islami in Pakistan and Bangladesh. Birmingham: International Development Department University of Birmingham.
Berger, P. L., & Luckmann, T. (1991). The Social Construction of Reality. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Bolleyer, N. (2013). New Parties in Old Party Systems: Persistence and Decline in Seventeen Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Butt, T. (2013). Adm-e-Ihtisab:Jamat-e-Islami Ki Kamyabi Ki Rah Main Aik Bunyadi Rukawat. In T. Butt (Ed.), Jamat-e-Islami Aur Intikhabi Siasat: Election 2013 Main Jamat Ki Nakami Ke Asbab Ka Jaiza (pp. 78-90). Islamabad: Porab Academy.
Chishti, K.-u.-R. (2013). Intikhabaat 2013 Ke Ba'at Jama'at-e-Islami Ka Mustaqbal Aur Laiha-e-Amal. In Jamat-e-Islami Aur Intikhabi Siasat: Eelection 2013 Main Jamat Ki Nakami Ke Asbab Ka Jaiza (pp. 149-162). Islamabad: Porab Academy.
Creswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Inc.
Dawn. (2018, June 24). Parties Face Rifts Over Lower Dir Nominations.
Retrieved December 2, 2020, from Dawn.Com:
https://www.dawn.com/news/1415744
ECP. (1994). Report on General Elections 1993 (with Comparative Results of
General Elections 1985, 1988 and 1990) Vol-II. Islamabad: Election
Commission of Pakistan.
ECP. (2002). General Elections 2002. Islamabad: Printing Corporation of
Pakistan Press.
ECP. (2013). General Elections 2013. Islamabad: Printing Corporation of
Pakistan Press .
ECP. (2018). General Elections. Retrieved December 2, 2020, from Election Commission of Pakistan: https://www.ecp.gov.pk/frmGenericPage.aspx?PageID=3051
Gerson , K., & Horowitz, R. (2002). Observation and Interviewing: Options and Choices. In T. May (Ed.), Qualitative Research in Action (pp. 199-224). London: SAGE Publications.
Hamid, A. (2013). Pakistani Intikhabat Main Jamat-e-Islami Ki Karkardagi Ka Jaiza. In Jamat-e-Islami Aur Intikhabi Siasat:Election 2013 Main Jamat-e-Islami Ki Nakami Ke Asbab Ka Jaiza (pp. 185-193). Islamabad: Porab Academy.
Haqqani, H. (2005). Pakistan Between Moque and Military. Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace.
Hartung, J.-P. (2013). A System of Life: Mawdudi and the Ideologisation of Islam. London: C. Hurst & Co. (Publishers) Ltd.,.
Howell, K. E. (2013). An Introduction to the Philosophy of Methodology. Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Husain, I. (2018). Governinng the Ungovernable: Institutional Reforms for Democratic Governance. Karachi: Oxford University Press.
Jackson, R. (2011). Mawlana Mawdudi And Political Islam: Authority and the Islamic State. Abingdon: Routledge.
Jalal, A. (2008). Partisans of Allah: Jihad in South Asia. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Jamal, A. (2013). Jamaat-e-Islami Women in Pakistan: Vanguard of a New Modernity? New York: Syracuse University Press.
Jamat-e-Islami. (2020(a)). Long Term Strategy. Lahore: Jamat-e-Islami Pakistan.
Jamat-e-Islamic Pakistan. (2020). Mansooba-e-Amal. Lahore: Jamat-e-Islami. JIP. (2020). Dastoor-e-Jamat-e-Islami Pakistan. Lahore: Islamic Publications
Ltd.
Khan, H. U. (2014). Vying for Allah's Vote: Understanding Islamic Parties,
Politcal Violence and Extremism in Pakistan. Washington:
Georgetown University Press.
LaPorte, R. (1975). Power and Privilege: Influence and Decision-Making in
Pakistan. Los Angeles: University Of California Press.
Malik, A. (2011). Political Survival in Pakistan: Beyond Ideology. Abingdon:
Routledge.
Malik, I. (2010). Pakistan: Democracy, Terror and the Building of a Nation.
London: New Holland Publishers.
Moten, A. R. (2003). Mawdudi and the Transformation of Jamat-e-Islami in
Pakistan. The Muslims World, 391-412.
Muhammad, M. T. (2015). Mushahidaat. Lahore: Idara Ma'arif-e-Islami.
Nasr, S. V. (1994). The Vanguard of the Islamic Revolution: The Jamaat-i
Islami of Pakistan. Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Nasr, S. V. (1996). Mawdudi and The Making of Islamic Revivalism. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Nasr, S. V. (2001). Islamic Leviathan: Islam and the Making of State Power.
New York: Oxford University Press.
Nasr, S. V. (2013). Ahya-e-Islam Aur Siasi Amal. In T. Butt (Ed.), Jamat-e- Islami Aur Intikhabi Siasat: Election 2013 Main Jamat Ki Nakami Ke Asbab Ka Jaiza (pp. 204-208). Islamabad: Porab Academy.
Peters, G. B. (2013). Strategies for Comparative Research in Political Science: Theory and Methods. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rais, R. B. (2017). Imaging Pakistan:Modernism, State, And The Politics of Islamic Revival. Lanham: Lexington Books.
Ritchie, J., Lewis, J., & Elam, G. (2003). Designing and Selecting Samples. In J. Ritchie , & J. Lewis (Eds.), Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers (pp. 77-108). London: SAGE Publications.
Semenova, E. (2018). Research Methods for Studying Elites. In H. Best, & J. Higley (Eds.), The Palgrave Handbook of Political Elites (pp. 71-78). London: Macmillan Publishers Ltd.
TheNews International. (2018, June 9). Dispute over ticket allotment causes rift in Jamaat-e-Islami. Retrieved December 2, 2020, from thenews.com: https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/327688-dispute- over-ticket-allotment-causes-rift-in-jamaat-e-islami
Willig, C. (2014). Interpretation and Analysis. In U. Flick (Ed.), The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Analysis (pp. 136-150). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications Ltd.
Yusaf, C. M. (2020). Jamat-e-Islami: Kal Aur Aaj. Gujranwala: Akhwan Publications.